- Sensorimotor (0-2): reflexes become smooth and coordinated, reflex trigger reactions (sucking thumb feels good so I'll keep doing it), external events trigger circular reactions (shaking a rattle makes noise so I will keep doing it), repeating movements in different variations to try and understand them (keep hitting the table but with different objects). At the end of the stage, able to hold an image in mind, imitate previously seen behavior, pretending and able to solve simple problems
- Preoperational (2-7): able to solve more complex problems, egocentric view of the world, gradually develop ability to read, write, numbers, think slightly more abstract.
- Concrete Operational (7-12): now the difference between appearance and reality, less egocentric and can see other perspectives, capable of understanding logical actions such as conservation (things can change appearance but still be the same), reversibility (things can change shape big to small but still same item), classification (black dogs are a part of the group of dogs), seriation (ordering by size, shape, etc).
- Formal Operations (12+): reason abstractly, form hypothesis and draw conclusions mentally, plan for future events, generalize between objects
Papalia, D.E., Olds, S.W., & Feldman, R.D. (2006). Human Development. (10th ed.)
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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